Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich

Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America, published in 2001 by Barbara Ehrenreich, is a book in which the author goes undercover and investigates the lives of the working poor by living and working in similar conditions. The book demonstrates fairly well two social paradigms, namely conflict theory (inspired by Marx and Weber) and structural-functionalism (inspired by Talcott Parsons). Conflict theory is clearly demonstrated throughout the book-social order based on inequality, the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. There is also evidence of structural-functionalism, though it is not the best fit. Structural-functionalism is defined as a society in which there are groups of people organized into levels that enable individuals in this society to find stability, order and meaning (Kimmel, Aronson, and Dennis 2011). Ehrenreich shows that there are certainly levels within society, however, because of the inequalities that are present, the individuals in the working poor are unable to find stability or order because they are running a never-ending race so to speak. These inequalities have many effects on society at large (both wealthy and those in poverty), as well as the families within the working poor. The economic inequality in our culture has many probable causes, but they all affect society as a whole, regardless of your class or status. These effects include things such as trust/social cohesion, crime/deviance, and population health (especially that of the working poor). There is a correlation between income inequality in a society and general mistrust, demonstrated by a U.S. General Survey (Uslaner and Brown 2002). One economist, a Joseph Stiglitz (2012), argues that this inequality has also led to distrust of businesses and the government. Crime is also a correlated factor in societies with a bigger economic gap. Several studies have been done that show a significant increase in homicides, both in the U.S. and worldwide, in societies that have a large margin between the rich and the poor (Martin, Wilson, and Vasdev 2001). Homicides are generally the most common measure of violent crime due to the fact that statistics are reported worldwide. There are also numerous consequence s for population health in societies with a larger economic inequality. Researchers have found that these societies have a slightly lower life expectancy, and a higher incidence of social and health problems like incarceration rates, teenage births, mental illness, obesity, education and others (Wilkinson and Pickett 2009). It has also been shown that this inequality and social stratification can be linked to to anxiety, depression, drug abuse, and other stress-related disorders (Booth 2010). It is because of this constantly present inequality that I believe Ehrenreichs book most accurately represents conflict theory. At one point in the book, Ehrenreich remarks, Maybe, it occurs to me, that Im getting a tiny glimpse of what it would be like to be black (p. 100). This is a slightly good point because, while we as a society view class as an achieved status, oftentimes it is fixed and ascribed much like race. Of the consequences brought about by this societal inequality and conflict, the working poor themselves experience the majority. Throughout Nickel and Dimed we are shown that there are many hidden costs to being poor, and oftentimes those in poverty are stuck in a rut with no way out because of them. The working poor have to live day-to-day in hotels accumulating costs, where is would normally be cheaper to rent an apartment if they could simply afford the security deposit and starting utilities. Without a semi-permanent shelter and rising debt, the working poor are us ually forced to buy less healthy, more expensive meals because they dont have the luxury of the appliances needed to cook and store food. Being poor is often a self-fulfilling prophecy, and those who believe they are stuck in poverty for the rest of their days are often likely to do just that. In another part of the book, Ehrenreich and other maids are watching a training video on how to clean rooms and vacuum. The video itself is slightly demeaning, almost as if made to be watched by young children. In one part of the video, the man giving instructions says See, I am the vacuum cleaner (p. 74). This sort of paints a picture in the readers head as to how the company views and treats its employees: like they are mindless robots whose only purpose is to serve the business. To the rich, that is basically what they are. The rich view the working poor as a group in society that is made to be taken advantage of, very similar to Karl Marx view of the proletariat. In their eyes it fulfills the structural-functionalism paradigm of society-as many say, someone has to do it. Unfortunately this is not the case, because the theory calls for all individuals in society to have stability and order in their lives. As evidenced by Ehrenreichs investigation into the working poor, the last th ing the working poor have is stability, therefore this theory is not an entirely accurate representation of our culture. Instead there is the ever-present conflict between the rich and working class. It is shown by both Ehrenreichs book and in the real world that the working poor are blocked from advancing in society by many different obstacles. These obstacles are things like housing, transportation, and other basic necessities (Ehrenreich 2001). For instance, the working poor often do not have a permanent residence or family to stay with while they save money, and cannot afford a large deposit for an apartment. This means they have to settle with weekly hotel rooms, which end up being more expensive, yet are the only affordable option because they dont require large down payments. Transportation is another common factor; if one is a member of the working poor they likely do not have their own car and have to rely on public transportation. Depending on the location it is do-able, but public transportation in our society is still not widely-available in every city. One study shows that single mothers who were able to work out a carpool or something similar with their peers were m uch less likely to require government aid (Eden and Lein 1997). Food and clothing are also problems; without savings it is much harder to buy uniforms and such for jobs. The working poor also have to deal with odd work schedules, often working all times of the day and never having consistent hours. Not only does this mean it is harder to save up money, but being able to spend so little time at home also puts the working poor in a position where it is difficult to find the time to cook for themselves, and are often left with the choice of unhealthy fast food. Working odd hours also leaves parents helpless when it comes to childcare; while there are many options for childcare including free programs and social networking with peers, working at all hours of the night means you might not always have a babysitter lined up. Obviously this has negative consequences for both the children and the parents. Ehrenreichs book shows quite well how the conflict theory can apply to our society and the ever-growing gap between the rich and the working poor. In recent years people seem to be taking more notice of the working poor, but the gap is still as large as ever. In her evaluation at the end of the book, Ehrenreich states, The working poor, as they are approvingly termed, are in fact the major philanthropists of our society. They neglect their own children so that the children of others will be cared for; they live in substandard housing so that other homes will be shiny and perfect; they endure privation so that inflation will be low and stock prices high. To be a member of the working poor is to be an anonymous donor, a nameless benefactor I agree with the author in the sense that the working poor are definitely taking one for the team so to say. They carry out the menial labor that is required in our society, but not everyone wants to do. Unfortunately because we dont live in a utopia, they suffer for it. They make great sacrifice by doing jobs they often know dont lead to advancement in society, because they know that it has to be done by someone. The conflict theory applies to both Ehrenreichs book and our society in the real world-there are numerous inequalities in the workforce, and the allocation of resources for individuals in our society is distributed unfairly.

Comparison Between Tod Homer and Miss Lonely Hearts

Tod, Homer, and Miss Lonelyhearts Another Well Thought Out Essay Tod Hackett, Homer Simpson, and Miss Lonelyhearts from Nathanael West’s novels â€Å"The Day of the Locust† and â€Å"Miss Lonelyhearts† all try to satisfy their desires with sexual wants, and violence. However, they are all very different from each other. For example, their histories, and the way they pursue the fulfillment of their desires are all unique to that specific character. The novel, â€Å"The Day of the Locust†, mostly focuses on the story of two main characters. These characters are Tod Hackett, and Homer Simpson.The novel gives the story of their lives while they both pursue the young woman, Faye Greener. In this way they are similar, but they are actually very different. Unlike Homer, Tod understands a lot of his experiences, especially his experiences with Faye. Because of this, Tod is portrayed as an educated man, Homer, on the other hand, has almost no idea what is going on. His actions and desires are almost always unexplainable. It seems as though he doesn’t even know what he himself is even thinking, let alone what he actually wants.Because of this, he appears uneducated, and clumsy. Both men pursue things that are artificial. The most notable of these is Faye Greener. Unlike Homer though, Tod knows that he can't have her, because he knows that pursuing her is a self-destructive route. Miss Lonelyhearts is the main character of the novel, â€Å"Miss Lonelyhearts†. His history is probably the reason for his need for sex and violence. ‘His history’ meaning his childhood, and also the letters that the people send to him for advice.Miss Lonelyhearts has a few encounters with a woman named Fay Doyle. They do have intercourse on one occasion, and she tries to make him have it a second time. However, instead of intercourse, Miss Lonelyhearts decides to beat her violently. His anger and his need for sex are brought about by the le tters that he has to read for his job, and his childhood experiences, like his encounter with the frog. Tod Hackett presents fewer personal experiences that can be used to analyze in a psychological way, but the way he thinks can be.He knows that he can’t have Faye, and he does want to rid Faye of the artificial quality that she possesses, but he can’t help but have a somewhat repulsive sexual attraction to her. Even to the point where he decides that raping her would be a suitable idea. And even attempts it at one point. In this way, Tod and Miss Lonelyhearts are similar, but not completely homogenous. Homer is a bit different from Tod, and Miss Lonelyhearts in this area. Homer is more understandable on a psychological level. At first, Homer seems as though he is uneducated, and also very clumsy.However, his disappointments, and his insecurities soon lead to aggression. His aggressions are expressions of anger that come from his past and his future. He does have a sex ual attraction to Faye, but his actions and feelings towards her are not quite as extreme as Tod’s and Miss Lonelyhearts’ feelings and actions toward women. Faye, however, does not take Homer seriously. He then feels like he has been cheated by Faye. He does a good job for most of the book at suppressing his anger until his final outburst that starts the riot at the end of the book.With Miss Lonelyhearts, Nathanael West presents a brutal and selfish character, which lusts for sex and violence, and gets both. With Tod Hackett, Nathanael West presents a successful and educated character that, despite his intellect, desperately wants a sexual relationship with a young woman, even to the point where he thinks about raping her, but never actually does it. And with Homer Simpson, Nathanael West presents an uneducated and clumsy character, which also lusts after a young woman, just not as explicitly as Tod, and turns out to be very aggressive.All of these characters are very similar in most of their desires, to be specific, their need for a sexual relationship, and their needs for aggression whether it is related to their sexual desires or not. Despite their many similarities, each character has a unique way of showing their desires. It may have been a straight-forward approach like Miss Lonelyhearts, or a somewhat cautious yet extreme approach like Tod, or a deceptively timid and passive-aggressive approach like Homer, which ends up in a catastrophically aggressive outburst.

Global Operations Management - 1015 Words

Global Operations Management Abstract The world offers significant business opportunities for every company, however, opportunities are accompanied by significant challenges for managers. Managing global operations across diverse cultures and markets represents a big challenge and opportunity for companies. To compete in the global market and be successful, companies must learn the strategies, policies, norms and technology necessary to conduct international business. The opportunities for global expansion are numerous, and attaining success is a matter of developing the right strategy to win local markets and its consumers. Global Operations Management In today’s global economy many†¦show more content†¦Each country has its unique ways of communicate, act, think, or behave and managers should need to identify and recognized these differences to bridge the gaps between cultures for real communication to take place (Global Strategic Management, 1999). The language barrier is one of the biggest obstacles PPQ Parts manager will have to face when doing business in international markets. Language is one of the contexts in which the company should do adequate research before entering a foreign market, especially when the foreign language is a different one. Keeping an open mind and sensitivity to these differences can lead to better channels of communication and understanding for both parties. Cultural issues are present in all aspects of global activities, including selling to foreign customers, buying materials overseas, working with vendors, and setting up operations. Other issue th at the company may face is complying with foreign government regulations and labor requirements. A company looking to set up manufacturing facilities in a foreign country may also face difficulties in making an effective transfer of core technologies, poorly trained local workers, financial restrictions, and a lack of inputs and supplies that meet the necessary quality standards. It is necessary that PPQ Parts managers identify and learn these regulations if they don’t want the company to get involved in anyShow MoreRelatedGlobal Operations And Supply Chain Management858 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Operations and Supply Chain Management Competitive Alternatives Survey A company involved in manufacturing medical devices decides to begin sourcing components internationally. As for now, it operates in the United States and Germany only. So, senior management should assess the relative manufacturing costs worldwide to choose where to source. This decision will be made based on manufacturing costs. Cities with the Lowest and Highest Manufacturing Costs The latest Competitive AlternativesRead MoreThe Impact of Global Competition in Operation Management7506 Words   |  31 PagesHardware Assets * Management challenges By shifting to more up-to-date computer hardware, Organization were able to provide more computing power for their operations. To select the right computers, management needed to understand : 1.How much computer processing capacity its business processes required? 2.How to evaluate the price and performance of various types of computers? 3.To known the financial and business rationale for hardware technology investments. Management also had to plan for futureRead MoreOpm300 Slp 1 Introduction to Operation Management770 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding an introductory, body, and concluding section): 1) The organization s name and main line of business, 2) A specific type of operations process that takes place there (either service or product), 3) Describe the nature of the operations given your newfound understanding of operations management and productivity.   4) You may identify the strategy or global strategy of that organization. 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The operations function is the part of the organization that is responsible for this activity. Every organization has an operations function because every organization creates some type of services and/or products. However, not all types of organization will necessarily call the operations function by this name. Operations managers are the people who haveRead MoreObjectives And Goals Of An Operational Strategy1736 Words   |  7 Pagessystem ought to have the capacity to outline the company s usage of its asset in the creation of a good, item, or service. Organizations define operations methodologies in view of the styles and needs of the management. Differentiation strategy is one of the several operational strategies that LensCrafters use in its operations. LensCrafters is a global leader in the retail of non-prescription sunglasses and prescription eye wear. LensCrafters was started in 1983 by Dean Butler in the United StatesRead MoreStatement of Purpose Essay657 Words   |  3 Pagesexplored the basic application of science i.e. building a lemon battery to designing a simple pulley lift at science fairs at school. Thus making Production Engineering a good option. It provides a strong engineering foundation and also educates on the management of an industry. This is the very reason I was able to decide that I wanted a career in this field. With my mother being a teacher the values of education have been inculcated into me from a very young age. I was always given a freedom to

Television s Main Source Of Entertainment - 1198 Words

America’s main source of entertainment is TV and movies; according to New York Daily News, â€Å"The average American watches more than five hours of live television every day.† (Hinckley, 1) As a person gets older, that time spent watching TV only rises. Television and Movie Media are the top forms of entertainment around the world, because of this human take their favorite shows and movies almost personally. We get so attached to the characters and plot that it becomes a habit of â€Å"binging† and a liking enough to add to a personal â€Å"favorites† list. Entertainment is one of the biggest businesses in the United States. People get paid millions of dollars every year to create a production out of something that starts out as a drawn up sketch or a simple idea. Due to a job with such a high income as well as entertaining as the ending product, many people want to get their foot in the door to be a part of this industry. This form of entertainment splits off into mostly two categories: TV production and Film production. One creative idea just might make it, a new idea for a variety TV show that alternative film makers have come together to produce the â€Å"weirdest TV show you’ve ever seen† called The Eyeslicer. Another idea is for a Film adaptation of the book Too Loud a Solitude made with â€Å"live action puppets, animated sequences, and visual effects.† Too Loud a Solitude that started out as a 17-minute short film created in 2007, and has now evolved into an idea for a full length film.Show MoreRelatedThe Reality Of Reality Television927 Words   |  4 Pagesopinions when the subject of reality television is discussed. Although reality television shows are thought to be negative they really are just mindless entertainment. Many can argue that these shows are misleading and disturbing. 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Nuclear families, with parents and children, embodied shows like Leave it to Beaver and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriett. Family was everything to people back in the day. People lived to create and spend time with their family. Television shows were emerging steadily and became popular. Also, television was a main source for familiesRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Fahrenheit 4511266 Words   |  6 Pagesit can affect the world and the people around you. Furthermore, Bradbury’s key focus was to satirize the excessive use of television and the media as a news and entertainment source in the 1940s and 1950s. However, the irony of this all is the fact that today’s society has come to the excessive use of media by individuals of generations used for entertainment and news sources. Now, if you look back in time to 1940 and even a decade later transitioned into the 1950s, it is very apparent that the influence

Ethics And The Ethics Based Questions - 938 Words

This situation, while extreme, presents us with a myriad of different ethical dilemmas involving the respect for life. Although we may not face this kind of grave situation on a daily basis the lessons we can learn from this case study can be applied to the ethics based questions we do encounter in everyday life. By examining the choices and intentions of each of the involved individuals we are able to see the application of different arguments and points of view. While the parties involved differ greatly in their beliefs and convictions, every individual concerned is attempting to protect the sanctity of human life in the way that they believe is best. In order to study these circumstances and the moral implications presented, it is imperative to first ascertain the facts surrounding the situation. This ethical impasse occurs because a couple has come to the doctor in search of medical advice regarding their attempts to have another child. The couple wishes to conceive another child because their 21 year old daughter has been diagnosed with an aggressive form of leukemia. Thus, by having a second child they will produce a bone marrow donor who most likely has the ability to save the life of their existing offspring. However, by doing this they are essentially creating a life as a means to an end and using a person to achieve a desired outcome. This creates an ethical quandary between respecting the life of a young girl by doing everything possible to save her andShow MoreRelatedThe Market System And The Need For Ethics812 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 1 Discuss the market system and the need for ethics in business and distingu ish it from the law and concepts of virtue and morality. 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Women in History Free Essays

Transportation and Trade Pre-History to 1500 CE World Civilizations 1 February 25, 2013 Transportation and Trade From the prehistoric time period to 1500 C. E. there have been many technological advances in the way of transportation and the way that different cultures have used their advances. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in History or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this, the student will attempt to convey to the reader ways that certain world culture areas evolved in the way of transportation to become more successful in transporting their goods for trade. Starting with Ancient Mesopotamia (my personal favorite) there are very many different ways that the Mesopotamians changed their method of travel to accommodate their growing needs for certain goods. Starting by traveling on foot, Mesopotamians would take sling bags and fill them with their goods when they only had a few small items to transport. Maybe a small amount of Barley or wheat to make some bread with or some pickled or dried, salted fish would fit into most sling bags and the person would hang it over one shoulder like the way women carried babies in slings and just walk their route to get the goods t their destination. When they needed to carry moderate loads they would wrap a cloth around their bundle of goods that might also include some meats from beef, sheep, or goats and wrap the bundle onto their back and use their forehead as a balancing point to hold the package of goods steady and keep themselves balanced to be able to walk without problems. Heavier loads however, were loaded onto a quite large pallet and covered in a cloth and tied down with rope. Then the pallet was loaded onto the carrier’s back and carried that way. Due to the strain and limited space, they usually only kept meats and fish within the same or very nearby cities to avoid spoiling. In 3000 BC the Mesopotamians began utilizing donkeys as a mode of travel to carry goods. This enabled them to carry more and heavier items, and also they were able to carry different items as it was not as taxing on the individual traveling and the donkey could bear the weight instead. With the introduction of donkeys as domesticated animals the Mesopotamians were able to transport textiles (cloth and/or fabric). While this is too heavy for a human to be able to carry enough to make the trip lucrative for all involved, using a donkey made it a lot easier to transport. Tied to the back of a donkey in bundles, the ass could walk for miles without needing a break and was able to bear the heaviness of the load. Donkeys enabled Mesopotamians to be able to travel and carry goods as far away as Kanesh in Turkey. The donkeys were also able to transport items such as gold, silver, and precious stones. In order to make the stones enough to make the trip worthwhile, they could not just carry it on foot because it was too heavy once you had enough of these metals to prove enough to accomplish all needs. They could carry more grains also. The donkey was also able to carry wine and lapis lazuli (Mined in Afghanistan large chunks of it were able to be transported to make jewelry to trade. Without donkey assistance they would not have been able to carry enough back at once to make the amount of items needed to trade for survival or profit). Which were both very heavy and needed to be carried by an ulterior method to get to where it needed to go efficiently and effectively. Around 2500-2350 B. C. , boats began being introduced to the Mesopotamians for a way to travel and transport their goods from place to place. Starting with gulf boats, they were Stronger than common river boats, used to transport goods from South Mesopotamia to the Gulf. Made out of reeds and other woods covered in bitumen (A natural tar-like substance that is derived from petroleum to make the wood waterproof). The Mesopotamians were able to continue to transport barley, wheat, and textiles, but now, more of them and much faster. They also became able to transport stone. Mesopotamian Kings sent expeditions in search of unusual stones and carried from the gulf into Mesopotamia. Special woods like pine and cedar from as far away as India were traded in Southern Mesopotamia in trading posts. Pearls, known as fish eyes to the Mesopotamians were also able to be harvested and transported. Pearls were used to make jewelry and were exchanged for Babylonian goods. Carnelian, a red or reddish white mineral that usually came from India was used to make jewelry and to decorate objects was also moved this way first. Copper, mixed with Tin and Bronze, being one of the most important traded goods traded, it came from Anatolia, Iran, and the Gulf. Ivory became available to be moved with the use of the gulf boat as well. Also, reeds cut from along the river banks and woven into mats or tied together as bundles for building boats and houses. Reeds were easier transported by water than by land. Another form of boat that was used later on as needs became greater and more abundant amounts of goods were needed to survive this period was the coracle. The coracle is a small round boat made of animal skins and covered with the bitumen and were paddled or drifted downstream. They mostly used these coracles for moving and transporting fish, (more of it, and some of it was even transported alive in large post. Reeds, grains, and meat from beef, goats and sheep were also moved using coracles. Although the type of goods did not change, the amounts and condition of some of these goods were very different as opposed to the foot or donkey method of traveling. Rafts which were simply logs tied together and placed on top of inflated animal skins. Was good for easy storage of the equipment used for making the rafts as they could be floated downstream and then dismantled upon arrival and the wood could be sold. With rafts the Mesopotamians were able to move more and heavier logs by lashing them together and floating them in the river along with side raft. Larger amounts of reeds and grains for beer and wine were able to be moved easier this way and then the trip was even more advantageous. Assyrians used rafts to move large flat stone slabs to use in decorating their palaces. River boats that were made of reeds bundled and lashed and often covered in bitumen also to waterproof just the same as the coracle and gulf boats were. Usually drifted downstream with the current but then needed to be towed back upstream by various means such as donkeys, oxen or even people. The Mesopotamians carried all of the usual items on these river boats (grain, reeds, logs, wool, wine, and beer). Although, they were also able to carry and transport bricks with much more ease than was available before these boats were used. Bricks were made of mud of baked used to build structures. Normally made near the place to be used, but sometimes needed to be transported to different cities. Moving on to Medieval Europe we have a very simple people. They usually did not go very far if they did leave because everything was so far away that they had to venture for days or even weeks to simply thirty miles and back. Most of the civilians that did travel did so on foot. Most people in Medieval Europe stayed near the places where they were born. Whenever one did venture out, the person would usually be able to walk up to ten or twenty miles to a village, work all day and then walk back again at the end of the day. If the road was well maintained, they could walk further, however, it was uncommon unless need was emergent to go further. If not traveling on foot, the second most available choice after 2500 CE was on horseback. Horses could go much faster and further than a human simply walking to and from a destination. Horses could go as far as thirty miles without needing a break. Would leave it to where the rider was able to accomplish much more with his day and even be able to bring with him some goods to trade where he ended up riding to. When they needed to move more than just a small amount of goods such as locally grown foods to sell or trade or things like wool. Wool was very heavy and a horse could not carry a very large amount on just horseback. They used covered wagons pulled by horse or oxen able to transport silk, wool, and grown foods to trade. Could only go 20 Miles at a time when using horses for pull the wagon or 10 miles at a time (when using oxen oxen) before needed to stop and rest, or repair wagon due to condition of roads. Although this did make the trip take longer that with just one single horse, and also the trip was more lucrative because of the goods that could be carried back using a covered wagon. If there was more than just a moderate amount of supplies or goods they would use sailing ships to transport them. There were a few different types of sailing ship that was used, each one having its own purpose. The first type of sailing ship that was used was a Knarr. This was the most common type used for most people. The Knarr had a sole square rigged sail and was mainly used to move light cargo. The next most available type of sailing ship used was the trade cog. These were single mast, flat bottomed ships with steep sides. The flat bottom allowed the sailors to come into port easier and go right up on land to be able to load and unload the goods and cargo better, faster, and easier. One more type of sailing ship that was used by Medieval Europeans was a hulk. Also having a flat bottom like the trade cog, this ship was easy to dock on land to make boarding and de-boarding of cargo and persons easy. However, unlike the previous ships, the hulk had no mast making oceanic travel impossible in this craft. The hulk was used mainly in canals and rivers due to the limited controllability when attempting ocean traveling. The final two types of sailing ships that were used were the caravel and carrack. Both of these ships were mainly created by the Portuguese for exploration voyages. The caravel had either both square and lateen rigged sails, or simply just lateen rigged sails. The carrack was a rather large ship, much larger than the caravel was. With six sails (a mizzen, a bowsprit, a spritsail, a foresail, and two topsails) this ship was very easily controlled no matter what the conditions. The many different sails made it so that the carrack could sail against the wind. In the Ancient Roman Empire transportation of goods didn’t really pick up too much until the Romans began using ships to move things, on account of how taxing everything was. The invention of their roads did however help with the traveling but the items they had to trade and transport were so far away that they needed to be able to use shipping methods via waterways to get the items moved efficiently and in a method that was worthwhile to the people moving the items and the amounts of goods they needed to move The Romans started using ferries for transportation for crossing and traveling shallow passages. Although these passages could have been waded across, rivers like The Euphrates River had already begun to be inhabited by crocodiles and other harmful creatures. Making it undesired to cross without being on a protecting contraption of some kind. Horse drawn chariots were two wheeled vehicles drawn by three or four horses (later on in history to be drawn by 2 horses) that were hitched side by side. This was a preferred method of transportations for Emperors and other royal persons. They were often made out of wood for the basket and wheels. The chariot was strengthened in some places by bronze or iron. The tires were also made of iron or bronze and the wheels had anywhere from four to eight spokes. Sledges, pulled by oxen were used mainly to transport things that were very large and/or heavy. Sledges were known to carry large statues, animals, bricks and sunbaked soil. Sledges were made of Wood as well, but constructed much sturdier to be able to bear the weight of the large and heavy items that they were carrying. Last but not least, the Romans used ships to transport salves, silk from China, perfumes, cotton, precious stones, spices, and precious metals. The romans differed on which ones they used the three most common types of ships that were used were rafts, sailing ships, and merchant ships. References Leokum, A. â€Å"When Were Ships First Used† The Free Lance Star October 24, 1968, Tell Me Why! Pg. 23 Print. Beller, Steven. â€Å"Vienna. † The World Book Encyclopedia. 2009 ed. Print. O’Brien, Patrick Karl. â€Å"THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS: MESOPOTAMIA AND THE INDUS REGION 4000-1800 BC† Oxford Atlas of World History. First published in 2002 by Philip’s an imprint of Octopus Publishing Group Second edition 2005 Reprinted with revisions 2007. Print. Singman, Jeffrey L. Blaine, Bradford B. Daily Life in Medieval Europe Speculum Vol. 76, No. 2 (Apr. , 2001), pp. 523-524 Published by: Medieval Academy of America Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2903521 Nelson, Eric. â€Å"All Roads Lead To Rome† Complete Idiot’s Guide to the Roman Empire August, 2011 Print. Derived from: http://site. ebrary. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/lib/ashford/docDetail. action? docID=10048566;p00=ancient%20roman%20travel%20trade How to cite Women in History, Papers

In migration And Immigration Law Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the In migration And Immigration Law. Answer: Do not live separately and apart on a permanent basis In migration and immigration law, the term determination of living separately and apart on a permanent basis is determined if the marriage is legal, a registered relationship and may also include a de facto relationship which ceases to exist. The partners of the relationship cease to be treated as members of a couple. [1]By definition, living separately and apart is determined when a legally married couple who are in a registered marital institution, are by measures put in place determined to be living separately and apart indefinitely or on a permanent basis and a deemed to be separated. The general provisions of this law is determined if a couple claim that There is a breakdown in their marriage or an estrangement of the same, and They have established that they are living separately indefinitely or the separation is permanent. In migration law, it states that the physical and emotional separation is required to be seen between the couple. There are other conditions which should generally not be accepted if a couple is living separately. These includes; living separately because of ill-health, economic reasons like unemployment between one partner or the both of them or any other issues that may arise. Any other option should be determined and explored to establish the cause and reason for a married couple to live separately and permanently. The determination of an illness in separated couple The law states that a couple may be determined to be living separately and apart where one couple is living in an approved institution example a nursing home to reside there on a full time basis or a permanent basis.[2] The cause of the residence is due to a debilitating illness or a severe condition like the Huntingtons disease, the Alzheimer disease(ALS advanced stages) or maybe a mental disorder. De jure A de jure or a legally married couple can only be determined if the marriage is legalized. Members of a couple who have a debilitating condition or illness like the Huntingtons disease or the ALS advanced are cognizant of the fact that the other partner is physically, emotionally and mentally incapable of responsibly participating in a couples relationship.[3] They do not therefore meet the criteria of determining a member of a couple. In this case, the conclusion reached in a couple living separately after being affected a disease and institutionalized is; the conclusion should be reached if; The incapacitation of a partner is severe and the disease is of a permanent nature eg the ALS The partner institutionalized no longer gives the other partner companionship, emotional, physical and intellectual support and comfort. There are conditions where the factors do not invalidate living apart and separately; the factors include The other partner does visit the institutionalized partner on basis which is regular He or she provides financial supports to the partner financially Taken no action in filling for a separation through a legal divorce Under the law, the assessment is; Individuals living separately and apart are deemed to be single and paid a single rate of income. Only one individual does income and asset assessment test. Federal Court in SZOXP v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection full decision in context Background of the case It was interesting that the applicant chose not to live in the same house with the sponsor because of religious beliefs. The applicant citizenship is of the peoples republic of china. [4]He therefore filled a partners visa application due to his relationship which is de facto with the sponsor in the year 2012 October. The couple was in a relationship and had married for a month after the application of the visa. Immigration department on the other hand had refused to give them the visa they applied for on grounds that they must give evidence that they were together prior to the application of visa. The department refused to give the visa application on grounds that the sponsor and the applicant had not lived in a de facto relationship. This was a conclusion by one of the officer[5]. The application had undergone a very long a tedious process for assessment of the partners offshore visa. The department claims that it had not been informed about the marriage and it did not approve application of the visa on marital basis. When the refusal of the application of the visa was brought in before MRT, it was found by the tribunal that the couples had indeed stayed together since 2011 December. Both parties prophesied Buddhism and initially decided to get into the precepts of Buddhism which advocate against cohabiting or living together. MRT tribunal found that the de facto relationship requirements had been fully satisfied. They were now living together and therefore there was no basis of denying them the visa they had applied for. In migration law, it states that the physical and emotional separation is required to be seen between the couple. There are other conditions which should generally not be accepted if a couple is living separately. [6]These includes; living separately because of ill-health, economic reasons like unemployment between one partner or the both of them or any other issues that may arise The federal court only reviewed the language of the law and the migration Act and found that if the couple proved proof of cohabiting, it simply does not establish the basis for a de facto relationship. Under the Act section 5CB, a person is deemed to be in a defacto relationship if There is a mutual commitment to shared life and the exclusion of all others, A continuing and genuine relationship And they have to show if they have lived together or have not live separately and apart in a permanent basis. Decision/ Rulling The court found that interpretation of statutory law should not be read as if there contains additional words. The ministers submission of section 5BC should be interpreted from the express wording. The statutory interpretation principles The principle that were applied by federal judges in construing the phrase are; that the legal defination of the Act do not say that the couples should have cohabited. The court in this case applied the interpretation of additional words in the principles of statutory interpretation.[7] The additional words would be too much at a variance with the language in the legislative wording. The federal court ruled that the ministers submissions in this sections should be analysed as if it included a requirement which is absent from the literal wording section. The court gave an example of this wording crashed and burned and went down in flames as an example of the literal wording interpretation of the legislature. The federal court only reviewed the language of the law and the migration Act and found that if the couple proved proof of cohabiting, it simply does not establish the basis for a de facto relationship. Under the Act section 5CB, a person is deemed to be in a relationship which is de facto relationship when There is a commitment which should be mutual and life sharing and there should be no other party, A continuing and relationship which is genuine have to show if they have lived together or have not live separately and apart in a basis which is permanent. General provisions of this law is determined if a couple claim that There is a breakdown in their marriage or an estrangement of the same, and They have established that they are living separately indefinitely or the separation is permanent. In migration law, it states that the physical and emotional separation is required to be seen between the couple. The sponsor and the applicant premised the application of the document on the rate of a de jure relationship at the event of visa application. They were intending to get married when they lodged the visa application when in truth they had already married for a month. The controversy entirely and wholeley should have already been rectified if they had argued on a prospective marriage to get the visa or they should have waited for a month and applied for the visa on basis that they are actually legally de jure or married[8]. The federal courts interpretation is that under the legislation itnot a problem if the sponsor and the applicant do not References Attwood, Bain, Andrew Markus and Bain Attwood,The 1967 Referendum(Aboriginal Studies Press, 2007) Crock, Mary E and Laurie Berg,Immigration, Refugees And Forced Migration(Federation Press, 2011) Easteal, Patricia Weiser,Less Than Equal(Butterworths, 2001) Immigration Legislation(LexisNexis NZ, 2009) Nettelbeck, Amanda et al,Fragile Settlements PROPER, EMBERSON EDWARD,COLONIAL IMMIGRATION LAWS(FORGOTTEN BOOKS, 2016) Vrachnas, John,Migration And Refugee Law(Cambridge University Press, 2012) White, Michael W. D,Australian Offshore Laws(Federation Press, 2009)